Martin Van Buren Montgomery (October 20, 1840 – November 12, 1898) was a United States federal judge.
Born in Eaton Rapids, Michigan, Montgomery was in the United States Army during the American Civil War from 1861 to 1862. He read law to enter the bar in 1865. He was in private practice in Eaton Rapids, Michigan from 1865 to 1871. He was a member of the Michigan State Legislature in 1871, returning to private practice in Jackson, Michigan from 1871 to 1873, then in Eaton Rapids until 1875, and finally in Lansing until 1895. His final period of private practice was interrupted by his service as the U.S. Commissioner of Patents from 1885 to 1887.
On April 1, 1887, Montgomery received a recess appointment from President Grover Cleveland to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Columbia vacated by Arthur MacArthur, Sr. Formally nominated on December 20, 1887, Montgomery was confirmed by the United States Senate on January 26, 1888, and received his commission the same day. Montgomery served in that capacity until his resignation on October 2, 1892.
He died in Lansing, Michigan.